Algoritmus


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Call Stack
#TimeMemoryFunctionLocation
10.0004444792{main}( ).../index.php:0
20.0131879960MediaWiki->run( ).../index.php:46
30.0132879992MediaWiki->main( ).../Wiki.php:447
40.07633018720OutputPage->output( ).../Wiki.php:598
50.07703038584SkinTemplate->outputPage( $out = ??? ).../OutputPage.php:2095
60.10743592760VectorTemplate->execute( ).../SkinTemplate.php:263
70.10943614752BaseTemplate->msg( $str = 'tagline' ).../Vector.php:173
80.10943614944Message->escaped( ).../SkinTemplate.php:1525
90.10943614944Message->toString( ).../Message.php:769
100.10953614944Message->transformText( $string = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}' ).../Message.php:671
110.10953614944MessageCache->transform( $message = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}', $interface = TRUE, $language = class Language { public $mConverter = class FakeConverter { public $mLang = ... }; public $mVariants = NULL; public $mCode = 'cs'; public $mLoaded = FALSE; public $mMagicExtensions = []; public $mMagicHookDone = TRUE; private $mHtmlCode = 'cs'; private $mParentLanguage = FALSE; public $dateFormatStrings = ['date' => [...], 'time' => [...]]; public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases = ['Gadgets' => [...], 'Renameuser' => [...], 'Activeusers' => [...], 'Allmessages' => [...], 'Allpages' => [...], 'Ancientpages' => [...], 'Blankpage' => [...], 'Block' => [...], 'Booksources' => [...], 'BrokenRedirects' => [...], 'Categories' => [...], 'ChangeEmail' => [...], 'ChangePassword' => [...], 'ComparePages' => [...], 'Confirmemail' => [...], 'Contributions' => [...], 'CreateAccount' => [...], 'Deadendpages' => [...], 'DeletedContributions' => [...], 'DoubleRedirects' => [...], 'Emailuser' => [...], 'ExpandTemplates' => [...], 'Export' => [...], 'Fewestrevisions' => [...], 'FileDuplicateSearch' => [...], 'Filepath' => [...], 'Import' => [...], 'Invalidateemail' => [...], 'BlockList' => [...], 'LinkSearch' => [...], 'Listadmins' => [...], 'Listbots' => [...], 'Listfiles' => [...], 'Listgrouprights' => [...], 'Listredirects' => [...], 'Listusers' => [...], 'Lockdb' => [...], 'Log' => [...], 'Lonelypages' => [...], 'Longpages' => [...], 'MergeHistory' => [...], 'MIMEsearch' => [...], 'Mostcategories' => [...], 'Mostimages' => [...], 'Mostlinked' => [...], 'Mostlinkedcategories' => [...], 'Mostlinkedtemplates' => [...], 'Mostrevisions' => [...], 'Movepage' => [...], 'Mycontributions' => [...], 'Mypage' => [...], 'Mytalk' => [...], 'Newimages' => [...], 'Newpages' => [...], 'Popularpages' => [...], 'Preferences' => [...], 'Protectedpages' => [...], 'Protectedtitles' => [...], 'Randompage' => [...], 'Randomredirect' => [...], 'Recentchanges' => [...], 'Recentchangeslinked' => [...], 'Revisiondelete' => [...], 'Search' => [...], 'Shortpages' => [...], 'Specialpages' => [...], 'Statistics' => [...], 'Tags' => [...], 'Unblock' => [...], 'Uncategorizedcategories' => [...], 'Uncategorizedimages' => [...], 'Uncategorizedpages' => [...], 'Uncategorizedtemplates' => [...], 'Undelete' => [...], 'Unlockdb' => [...], 'Unusedcategories' => [...], 'Unusedimages' => [...], 'Unusedtemplates' => [...], 'Unwatchedpages' => [...], 'Upload' => [...], 'Userlogin' => [...], 'Userlogout' => [...], 'Userrights' => [...], 'Version' => [...], 'Wantedcategories' => [...], 'Wantedfiles' => [...], 'Wantedpages' => [...], 'Wantedtemplates' => [...], 'Watchlist' => [...], 'Whatlinkshere' => [...], 'Withoutinterwiki' => [...], 'AllMyUploads' => [...], 'Badtitle' => [...], 'Diff' => [...], 'EditWatchlist' => [...], 'JavaScriptTest' => [...], 'ListDuplicatedFiles' => [...], 'Mostinterwikis' => [...], 'Myuploads' => [...], 'PagesWithProp' => [...], 'PasswordReset' => [...], 'PermanentLink' => [...], 'Prefixindex' => [...], 'RandomInCategory' => [...], 'Redirect' => [...], 'ResetTokens' => [...], 'RunJobs' => [...], 'TrackingCategories' => [...], 'UploadStash' => [...]]; protected $namespaceNames = [-2 => 'Média', -1 => 'Speciální', 0 => '', 1 => 'Diskuse', 2 => 'Uživatel', 3 => 'Diskuse_s_uživatelem', 4 => 'Projekt', 5 => 'Diskuse_k_Projekt', 6 => 'Soubor', 7 => 'Diskuse_k_souboru', 8 => 'MediaWiki', 9 => 'Diskuse_k_MediaWiki', 10 => 'Šablona', 11 => 'Diskuse_k_šabloně', 12 => 'Nápověda', 13 => 'Diskuse_k_nápovědě', 14 => 'Kategorie', 15 => 'Diskuse_ke_kategorii']; protected $mNamespaceIds = ['média' => -2, 'speciální' => -1, '' => 0, 'diskuse' => 1, 'uživatel' => 2, 'diskuse_s_uživatelem' => 3, 'projekt' => 4, 'diskuse_k_projekt' => 5, 'soubor' => 6, 'diskuse_k_souboru' => 7, 'mediawiki' => 8, 'diskuse_k_mediawiki' => 9, 'šablona' => 10, 'diskuse_k_šabloně' => 11, 'nápověda' => 12, 'diskuse_k_nápovědě' => 13, 'kategorie' => 14, 'diskuse_ke_kategorii' => 15, 'uživatel_diskuse' => 3, 'uživatelka_diskuse' => 3, 'soubor_diskuse' => 7, 'mediawiki_diskuse' => 9, 'šablona_diskuse' => 11, 'nápověda_diskuse' => 13, 'kategorie_diskuse' => 15, 'projekt_diskuse' => 5, 'uživatelka' => 2, 'diskuse_s_uživatelkou' => 3, 'image' => 6, 'image_talk' => 7]; protected $namespaceAliases = ['Uživatel_diskuse' => 3, 'Uživatelka_diskuse' => 3, 'Soubor_diskuse' => 7, 'MediaWiki_diskuse' => 9, 'Šablona_diskuse' => 11, 'Nápověda_diskuse' => 13, 'Kategorie_diskuse' => 15, 'Projekt_diskuse' => 5, 'Uživatel' => 2, 'Uživatelka' => 2, 'Diskuse_s_uživatelem' => 3, 'Diskuse_s_uživatelkou' => 3]; public $transformData = [] }, $title = class Title { public $mTextform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mUrlform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mDbkeyform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mUserCaseDBKey = 'Algoritmus'; public $mNamespace = 0; public $mInterwiki = ''; public $mFragment = ''; public $mArticleID = 3; public $mLatestID = 9; public $mContentModel = 'wikitext'; private $mEstimateRevisions = NULL; public $mRestrictions = ['edit' => [...], 'move' => [...]]; public $mOldRestrictions = FALSE; public $mCascadeRestriction = FALSE; public $mCascadingRestrictions = NULL; public $mRestrictionsExpiry = ['edit' => 'infinity', 'move' => 'infinity']; public $mHasCascadingRestrictions = NULL; public $mCascadeSources = NULL; public $mRestrictionsLoaded = TRUE; public $mPrefixedText = 'Algoritmus'; public $mTitleProtection = NULL; public $mDefaultNamespace = 0; public $mWatched = NULL; public $mLength = 2791; public $mRedirect = FALSE; public $mNotificationTimestamp = []; public $mHasSubpage = NULL; private $mPageLanguage = [0 => 'cs', 1 => 'cs']; private $mTitleValue = NULL } ).../Message.php:977
120.10953614944Parser->transformMsg( $text = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}', $options = class ParserOptions { public $mInterwikiMagic = TRUE; public $mAllowExternalImages = FALSE; public $mAllowExternalImagesFrom = ''; public $mEnableImageWhitelist = TRUE; public $mDateFormat = NULL; public $mEditSection = FALSE; public $mAllowSpecialInclusion = TRUE; public $mTidy = FALSE; public $mInterfaceMessage = TRUE; public $mTargetLanguage = class Language { public $mConverter = class FakeConverter { ... }; public $mVariants = NULL; public $mCode = 'cs'; public $mLoaded = FALSE; public $mMagicExtensions = [...]; public $mMagicHookDone = TRUE; private $mHtmlCode = 'cs'; private $mParentLanguage = FALSE; public $dateFormatStrings = [...]; public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases = [...]; protected $namespaceNames = [...]; protected $mNamespaceIds = [...]; protected $namespaceAliases = [...]; public $transformData = [...] }; public $mMaxIncludeSize = 2097152; public $mMaxPPNodeCount = 1000000; public $mMaxGeneratedPPNodeCount = 1000000; public $mMaxPPExpandDepth = 40; public $mMaxTemplateDepth = 40; public $mExpensiveParserFunctionLimit = 100; public $mRemoveComments = TRUE; public $mTemplateCallback = [0 => 'Parser', 1 => 'statelessFetchTemplate']; public $mEnableLimitReport = FALSE; public $mTimestamp = '20261026114550'; public $mExternalLinkTarget = FALSE; public $mCleanSignatures = TRUE; public $mPreSaveTransform = TRUE; public $mDisableContentConversion = FALSE; public $mDisableTitleConversion = FALSE; public $mNumberHeadings = 0; public $mThumbSize = 2; private $mStubThreshold = 0; public $mUserLang = class Language { public $mConverter = class FakeConverter { ... }; public $mVariants = NULL; public $mCode = 'cs'; public $mLoaded = FALSE; public $mMagicExtensions = [...]; public $mMagicHookDone = TRUE; private $mHtmlCode = 'cs'; private $mParentLanguage = FALSE; public $dateFormatStrings = [...]; public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases = [...]; protected $namespaceNames = [...]; protected $mNamespaceIds = [...]; protected $namespaceAliases = [...]; public $transformData = [...] }; public $mUser = class User { public $mId = 0; public $mName = '216.73.217.55'; public $mRealName = ''; public $mPassword = ''; public $mNewpassword = ''; public $mNewpassTime = NULL; public $mEmail = ''; public $mTouched = '1'; public $mToken = NULL; public $mEmailAuthenticated = NULL; public $mEmailToken = ''; public $mEmailTokenExpires = NULL; public $mRegistration = '20261026114550'; public $mEditCount = NULL; public $mGroups = [...]; public $mOptionOverrides = NULL; protected $mPasswordExpires = NULL; public $mOptionsLoaded = TRUE; private $mLoadedItems = TRUE; public $mFrom = 'session'; public $mNewtalk = FALSE; public $mDatePreference = 'default'; public $mBlockedby = -1; public $mHash = FALSE; public $mRights = [...]; public $mBlockreason = NULL; public $mEffectiveGroups = [...]; public $mImplicitGroups = [...]; public $mFormerGroups = NULL; public $mBlockedGlobally = NULL; public $mLocked = NULL; public $mHideName = NULL; public $mOptions = [...]; private $mRequest = class WebRequest { ... }; public $mBlock = NULL; public $mAllowUsertalk = NULL; private $mBlockedFromCreateAccount = FALSE; private $mWatchedItems = [...] }; public $mIsPreview = FALSE; public $mIsSectionPreview = FALSE; public $mIsPrintable = FALSE; public $mExtraKey = ''; protected $onAccessCallback = [0 => class ParserOutput { ... }, 1 => 'recordOption'] }, $title = class Title { public $mTextform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mUrlform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mDbkeyform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mUserCaseDBKey = 'Algoritmus'; public $mNamespace = 0; public $mInterwiki = ''; public $mFragment = ''; public $mArticleID = 3; public $mLatestID = 9; public $mContentModel = 'wikitext'; private $mEstimateRevisions = NULL; public $mRestrictions = ['edit' => [...], 'move' => [...]]; public $mOldRestrictions = FALSE; public $mCascadeRestriction = FALSE; public $mCascadingRestrictions = NULL; public $mRestrictionsExpiry = ['edit' => 'infinity', 'move' => 'infinity']; public $mHasCascadingRestrictions = NULL; public $mCascadeSources = NULL; public $mRestrictionsLoaded = TRUE; public $mPrefixedText = 'Algoritmus'; public $mTitleProtection = NULL; public $mDefaultNamespace = 0; public $mWatched = NULL; public $mLength = 2791; public $mRedirect = FALSE; public $mNotificationTimestamp = []; public $mHasSubpage = NULL; private $mPageLanguage = [0 => 'cs', 1 => 'cs']; private $mTitleValue = NULL } ).../MessageCache.php:1008
130.10953614944Parser->preprocess( $text = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}', $title = class Title { public $mTextform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mUrlform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mDbkeyform = 'Algoritmus'; public $mUserCaseDBKey = 'Algoritmus'; public $mNamespace = 0; public $mInterwiki = ''; public $mFragment = ''; public $mArticleID = 3; public $mLatestID = 9; public $mContentModel = 'wikitext'; private $mEstimateRevisions = NULL; public $mRestrictions = ['edit' => [...], 'move' => [...]]; public $mOldRestrictions = FALSE; public $mCascadeRestriction = FALSE; public $mCascadingRestrictions = NULL; public $mRestrictionsExpiry = ['edit' => 'infinity', 'move' => 'infinity']; public $mHasCascadingRestrictions = NULL; public $mCascadeSources = NULL; public $mRestrictionsLoaded = TRUE; public $mPrefixedText = 'Algoritmus'; public $mTitleProtection = NULL; public $mDefaultNamespace = 0; public $mWatched = NULL; public $mLength = 2791; public $mRedirect = FALSE; public $mNotificationTimestamp = []; public $mHasSubpage = NULL; private $mPageLanguage = [0 => 'cs', 1 => 'cs']; private $mTitleValue = NULL }, $options = class ParserOptions { public $mInterwikiMagic = TRUE; public $mAllowExternalImages = FALSE; public $mAllowExternalImagesFrom = ''; public $mEnableImageWhitelist = TRUE; public $mDateFormat = NULL; public $mEditSection = FALSE; public $mAllowSpecialInclusion = TRUE; public $mTidy = FALSE; public $mInterfaceMessage = TRUE; public $mTargetLanguage = class Language { public $mConverter = class FakeConverter { ... }; public $mVariants = NULL; public $mCode = 'cs'; public $mLoaded = FALSE; public $mMagicExtensions = [...]; public $mMagicHookDone = TRUE; private $mHtmlCode = 'cs'; private $mParentLanguage = FALSE; public $dateFormatStrings = [...]; public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases = [...]; protected $namespaceNames = [...]; protected $mNamespaceIds = [...]; protected $namespaceAliases = [...]; public $transformData = [...] }; public $mMaxIncludeSize = 2097152; public $mMaxPPNodeCount = 1000000; public $mMaxGeneratedPPNodeCount = 1000000; public $mMaxPPExpandDepth = 40; public $mMaxTemplateDepth = 40; public $mExpensiveParserFunctionLimit = 100; public $mRemoveComments = TRUE; public $mTemplateCallback = [0 => 'Parser', 1 => 'statelessFetchTemplate']; public $mEnableLimitReport = FALSE; public $mTimestamp = '20261026114550'; public $mExternalLinkTarget = FALSE; public $mCleanSignatures = TRUE; public $mPreSaveTransform = TRUE; public $mDisableContentConversion = FALSE; public $mDisableTitleConversion = FALSE; public $mNumberHeadings = 0; public $mThumbSize = 2; private $mStubThreshold = 0; public $mUserLang = class Language { public $mConverter = class FakeConverter { ... }; public $mVariants = NULL; public $mCode = 'cs'; public $mLoaded = FALSE; public $mMagicExtensions = [...]; public $mMagicHookDone = TRUE; private $mHtmlCode = 'cs'; private $mParentLanguage = FALSE; public $dateFormatStrings = [...]; public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases = [...]; protected $namespaceNames = [...]; protected $mNamespaceIds = [...]; protected $namespaceAliases = [...]; public $transformData = [...] }; public $mUser = class User { public $mId = 0; public $mName = '216.73.217.55'; public $mRealName = ''; public $mPassword = ''; public $mNewpassword = ''; public $mNewpassTime = NULL; public $mEmail = ''; public $mTouched = '1'; public $mToken = NULL; public $mEmailAuthenticated = NULL; public $mEmailToken = ''; public $mEmailTokenExpires = NULL; public $mRegistration = '20261026114550'; public $mEditCount = NULL; public $mGroups = [...]; public $mOptionOverrides = NULL; protected $mPasswordExpires = NULL; public $mOptionsLoaded = TRUE; private $mLoadedItems = TRUE; public $mFrom = 'session'; public $mNewtalk = FALSE; public $mDatePreference = 'default'; public $mBlockedby = -1; public $mHash = FALSE; public $mRights = [...]; public $mBlockreason = NULL; public $mEffectiveGroups = [...]; public $mImplicitGroups = [...]; public $mFormerGroups = NULL; public $mBlockedGlobally = NULL; public $mLocked = NULL; public $mHideName = NULL; public $mOptions = [...]; private $mRequest = class WebRequest { ... }; public $mBlock = NULL; public $mAllowUsertalk = NULL; private $mBlockedFromCreateAccount = FALSE; private $mWatchedItems = [...] }; public $mIsPreview = FALSE; public $mIsSectionPreview = FALSE; public $mIsPrintable = FALSE; public $mExtraKey = ''; protected $onAccessCallback = [0 => class ParserOutput { ... }, 1 => 'recordOption'] }, $revid = ??? ).../Parser.php:4852
140.10953611984Parser->replaceVariables( $text = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}', $frame = ???, $argsOnly = ??? ).../Parser.php:620
150.10953612360Parser->preprocessToDom( $text = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}', $flags = ??? ).../Parser.php:3151
160.10953612360Preprocessor_DOM->preprocessToObj( $text = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}', $flags = 0 ).../Parser.php:3094
170.10953612360Preprocessor_DOM->preprocessToXml( $text = 'Z {{grammar:2sg|{{SITENAME}}}}', $flags = 0 ).../Preprocessor_DOM.php:160
180.10963613216PPDStack->__construct( ).../Preprocessor_DOM.php:249
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Algoritmus je přesný postup, podle kterého se vykonává nějaká činnost.

Způsoby zápisu algoritmu

Tentýž algoritmus lze zapsat různými způsoby. Ukažme si je na příkladu algoritmu pro nalezení největšího čísla posloupnosti:

Přirozený jazyk

Vstupem je posloupnost čísel P, výstupem je největší číslo v dané posloupnosti. Do proměnné NEJ uložíme první číslo posloupnosti P. Postupně procházíme jednotlivá čísla posloupnosti P a jestliže je právě zkoumané číslo posloupnosti větší než aktuální hodnota v proměnné NEJ, pak hodnotu proměnné NEJ nahradíme právě zkoumaným číslem posloupnosti. Nakonec hodnota v proměnné NEJ je výstupem algoritmu.

Přirozený jazyk strukturovaný

Vstup: Posloupnost čísel P
Výstup: Největší číslo v posloupnosti
1. Do proměnné NEJ uložíme první číslo posloupnosti P
2. Postupně procházíme jednotlivá čísla posloupnosti P
2.1 Jestliže je právě zkoumané číslo posloupnosti větší než aktuální hodnota v proměnné NEJ, pak hodnotu v proměnné NEJ nahradíme právě zkoumaným číslem posloupnosti
3. Hodnota v proměnné NEJ je výstupem algoritmu

Pseudokód

Vstup: Posloupnost čísel P
Výstup: Největší číslo posloupnosti
NEJ ← P[0]
Pro každé číslo C z posloupnosti P dělej
Jestliže C > NEJ, pak NEJ ← C
Vrať NEJ

Konkrétní programovací jazyk

/**
 * Algoritmus pro nalezení největšího čísla v posloupnosti zapsaný jazyce Java
 * @param P  Posloupnost čísel
 * @return   Největší číslo v posloupnosti P
 */
int nejvetsi(int[] P) {
    int NEJ = P[0];
    for (int C : P) {
        if (C > NEJ) NEJ = C;
    }
    return NEJ;
}

Vývojový diagram

Struktogram

Vlastnosti algoritmu

  • Hromadný – měl by sloužit pro více případů
    • Vytvářet algoritmus pro výpočet odmocniny ze čtyř nemá smysl
    • Vytvářet algoritmus pro výpočet odmocniny z libovolného čísla má smysl
  • Jednoznačný – v každém kroku musí být jasné, co se má provést a který krok bude následovat
  • Opakovatelný – při stejných vstupních datech musí být výsledek vždy stejný
  • Konečný – po určitém počtu kroků musí poskytnout výsledek a skončit

Možnosti návrhu algoritmu

  • Shora dolů – Řešení rozkládáme na jednodušší operace až k dílčím krokům
  • Zdola nahoru – Z dílčích kroků vytváříme prostředky pro zvládnutí celkového problému
  • Kombinace předchozích
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